naveenbos

Previous search in php using session

2011-07-07T23:38:00.001-07:00

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5754957/how-to-add-visited-pages-urls-into-a-session-array

Toggle div using CSS and Jquery

2011-05-27T01:32:00.000-07:00

http://www.sohtanaka.com/web-design/easy-toggle-jquery-tutorial/

demo
http://www.sohtanaka.com/web-design/examples/toggle/#

gsmsmsd an smsserver

2010-05-19T04:43:00.000-07:00

man gsmsmsd (8) - SMS message reception daemon

NAME

gsmsmsd - SMS message reception daemon

SYNOPSIS

gsmsmsd [ -a action ] [ --action action ] [ -b baudrate ] [ --baudrate baudrate ] [ -c concatenatedID ] [ --concatenate concatenatedID ] [ -C service centre address ] [ --sca service centre address ] [ -d device ] [ --device device ] [ -D ] [ --direct ] [ -f ] [ --flush ] [ -h ] [ --help ] [ -I init string ] [ --init init string ] [ -r ] [ --requeststat ] [ -s spool directory ] [ --spool spool directory ] [ -t SMS store name ] [ --store SMS store name ] [ -v ] [ --version ] [ -X ] [ --xonxoff ] { sms_type }

DESCRIPTION

gsmsmsd reads new incoming SMS from the mobile phone and dispatches them to a user-defined action. Additionally it can send SMS message that it reads from a spooldir.

gsmsmsd attaches itself to the device given on the command line (usually an GSM modem) using the specified baudrate and waits for incoming SMS messages. If no device is given, the device /dev/mobilephone is used. If no baudrate is given, a default baud rate of 38400 is used.

If no action is given, the SMS message is printed to the standard output. If an action is specified the action is excecuted using the shell and the SMS message is written to the standard input of the action.

gsmsmsd needs one empty storage slot for SMS messages in the mobile phone, otherwise SMS reception will not work. The SMS store to use for temporary storage of incoming SMS can be selected using the --store option, otherwise the ME default store is used.

To terminate gsmsmsd cleanly (without losing SMS messages) one should send either SIGINT (CTRL-C on the command line) or SIGTERM to the process.

Error messages are printed to the standard error output. If the program terminates on error the error code 1 is returned.

sms_type may be any combination of:

sms, no_sms: Controls reception of normal SMS messages.
cb, no_cb: Controls reception of cell broadcast messages.
stat, no_stat: Controls reception of status reports.

The default is sms, cb, and stat.

OPTIONS

-a action, --action action: The action to execute for each incoming SMS message. If no action is given the SMS is written to the standard output.
-b baudrate, --baudrate baudrate: The baud rate to use.
-c concatenatedID, --concatenate concatenatedID: If an ID is given, large SMSs are split into several, concatenated SMSs. All SMSs have the same ID and are numbered consecutively so that the receiving phone can assemble them in the correct order. IDs must be in the range 0..255. This number is increased by one for every outgoing concatenated SMS and wraps around after 255. Not all receiving phones will support concatenated SMSs (and display them as separate SMSs), since all the numbering and ID information is carried in the user data header element at the beginning of the SMS user data. This information may show up as garbage in such phones.
-C service centre address, --sca service centre address: Sets the service centre address to use for all SUBMIT SMSs (may not work with some phones).
-d device, --device device: The device to which the GSM modem is connected. The default is /dev/mobilephone.
-D, --direct: Enables direct routing of incoming SMS messages to the TE. This is not supported by many mobile phone/GSM modem combinations. Therefore, the default is to store incoming SMS temporarily before processing them in the indicated store.
-f, --flush: This option causes gsmsmsd to flush (ie. read and erase) existing SMS messages from the SMS store selected by the --store option. The action given by the --action option is executed on each of the flushed SMS. This option should be used to ensure that enough space is available in the SMS store for temporary storage of incoming SMS, otherwise incoming SMS might be ignored silently by the ME.
-h, --help: Prints an option summary.
-I init string, --init init string: Initialization string to send to the TA (default: "E0"). Note that the sequence "ATZ" is sent first.
-r, --requeststat: Request status reports for sent SMS. Note: This option only makes sense if the phone supports routing of status reports to the TE. Otherwise the status reports might show on the phone's display or get lost.
-s spool directory, --spool spool directory: This option sets the spool directory where gsmsmsd expects SMS messages to send. The format of SMS files is very simple: The first line contains the phone number of the recipient. Everything else after the first line is interpreted as the SMS text. Please refer to gsmsendsms(1) for details on the SMS text character set and maximum length. gsmsmsd polls the spool directory every 5 seconds. Sent SMS message files are removed.
-t SMS store name, --store SMS store name: The name of the SMS store to read from (for the --flush option) or write to (for temporary SMS storage). This option must be must be used in conjunction with the --flush option. If this option is omitted the ME uses it's default SMS store for temporary storage of incoming SMS. A commonly available message store is "SM" (SIM card).
-v, --version: Prints the program version.
-X, --xonxoff: Uses software handshaking (XON/XOFF) for accessing the device.

EXAMPLES

The following invocation of gsmsmsd sends each incoming SMS message as a mail to the user "smsadmin":

gsmsmsd -d /dev/ttyS2 -b 19200 -a "mail smsadmin"

This is the format of SMS deliver messages as output from gsmsmsd:

----------------------------------------------------------------
Message type: SMS-DELIVER
SC address: '491710762100'
More messages to send: 1
Reply path: 0
User data header indicator: 0
Status report indication: 0
Originating address: '01805000102'
Protocol identifier: 0x39
Data coding scheme: default alphabet
SC timestamp: 17.12.98 14:10:55(+0100)
User data length: 159
User data header: 0x
User data: 'Nicht vergessen! Die XtraWeihnachtsverlosung lauft
noch bis zum 24.12. Nutzen Sie jetzt Ihre Gewinnchance und faxen
Sie Ihren Teiln.-Gutschein an 0180/5000 056'
----------------------------------------------------------------

This is the format of SMS status report messages as output from gsmsmsd:

----------------------------------------------------------------
Message type: SMS-STATUS-REPORT
SC address: ''
More messages to send: 0
Status report qualifier: 0
Message reference: 0
Recipient address: ''
SC timestamp: 00.00.00 00:00:00(+0000)
Discharge time: 00.00.00 00:00:00(+0000)
Status: 0x0 'Short message received by the SME'
----------------------------------------------------------------

2010-02-03T06:25:00.001-08:00

http://zetcode.com/tutorials/pyqt4/

2010-02-03T05:26:00.000-08:00

http://www.cahilig.net/2008/07/04/how-setup-lan-dns-server-using-bind9-under-debian-and-ubuntu-linux (for dns server setting)

http://docs.python.org/distutils/setupscript.html

https://wiki.ubuntu.com/PackagingGuide/Python

http://linuxgazette.net/133/cherian.html

http://twistedmatrix.com/documents/current/core/howto/servers.html

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Bourne_Shell_Scripting/Redirection

2010-02-03T04:51:00.000-08:00

2010-02-03T04:49:00.001-08:00

Programing in C (K&R)

shell terminal

2010-02-03T00:29:00.000-08:00

Shell in my terminal

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ echo "$LINES"

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ echo "$COLUMNS"

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ echo $PS1

\[\e]0;\u@\h: \w\a\]${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\w\$

FOR getting ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ env

GPG_AGENT_INFO=/tmp/seahorse-auOGIL/S.gpg-agent:2903:1

SHELL=/bin/bash

DESKTOP_STARTUP_ID=

TERM=xterm

GTK_RC_FILES=/etc/gtk/gtkrc:/home/catfoss/.gtkrc-1.2-gnome2

WINDOWID=54549658

USER=catfoss

LS_COLORS=no=00:fi=00:di=01;34:ln=01;36:pi=40;33:so=01;35:do=01;35:bd=40;33;01:cd=40;33;01:or=40;31;01:su=37;41:sg=30;43:tw=30;42:ow=34;42:st=37;44:ex=01;32:*.tar=01;31:*.tgz=01;31:*.svgz=01;31:*.arj=01;31:*.taz=01;31:*.lzh=01;31:*.lzma=01;31:*.zip=01;31:*.z=01;31:*.Z=01;31:*.dz=01;31:*.gz=01;31:*.bz2=01;31:*.bz=01;31:*.tbz2=01;31:*.tz=01;31:*.deb=01;31:*.rpm=01;31:*.jar=01;31:*.rar=01;31:*.ace=01;31:*.zoo=01;31:*.cpio=01;31:*.7z=01;31:*.rz=01;31:*.jpg=01;35:*.jpeg=01;35:*.gif=01;35:*.bmp=01;35:*.pbm=01;35:*.pgm=01;35:*.ppm=01;35:*.tga=01;35:*.xbm=01;35:*.xpm=01;35:*.tif=01;35:*.tiff=01;35:*.png=01;35:*.svg=01;35:*.mng=01;35:*.pcx=01;35:*.mov=01;35:*.mpg=01;35:*.mpeg=01;35:*.m2v=01;35:*.mkv=01;35:*.ogm=01;35:*.mp4=01;35:*.m4v=01;35:*.mp4v=01;35:*.vob=01;35:*.qt=01;35:*.nuv=01;35:*.wmv=01;35:*.asf=01;35:*.rm=01;35:*.rmvb=01;35:*.flc=01;35:*.avi=01;35:*.fli=01;35:*.gl=01;35:*.dl=01;35:*.xcf=01;35:*.xwd=01;35:*.yuv=01;35:*.aac=00;36:*.au=00;36:*.flac=00;36:*.mid=00;36:*.midi=00;36:*.mka=00;36:*.mp3=00;36:*.mpc=00;36:*.ogg=00;36:*.ra=00;36:*.wav=00;36:

SSH_AUTH_SOCK=/tmp/keyring-qzx8xA/ssh

GNOME_KEYRING_SOCKET=/tmp/keyring-qzx8xA/socket

SESSION_MANAGER=local/catfoss4:/tmp/.ICE-unix/2848

USERNAME=catfoss

DESKTOP_SESSION=default

PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/games

GDM_XSERVER_LOCATION=local

PWD=/home/catfoss

LANG=en_US.UTF-8

GNOME_KEYRING_PID=2847

GDM_LANG=en_US.UTF-8

GDMSESSION=default

HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth

HOME=/home/catfoss

SHLVL=1

GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID=Default

LOGNAME=catfoss

XDG_DATA_DIRS=/usr/local/share/:/usr/share/:/usr/share/gdm/

DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:abstract=/tmp/dbus-pd9mFs3Wzv,guid=b3581362d8a77a956e3b74a74b2854d2

WINDOWPATH=7

DISPLAY=:0.0

COLORTERM=gnome-terminal

XAUTHORITY=/home/catfoss/.Xauthority

_=/usr/bin/env

SHELLsh-3.2$ exit CHANGING

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ sh

sh-3.2$

sh-3.2$ exit

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ naveen="hai"

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ echo $naveen

hai

space is used in the shell for command

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ x=10

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ echo $x

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ xn=Rani

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ echo $xn

Rani

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ a=5

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ b=6

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ echo $(($a+$b))

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ x=20

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ y=5

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ echo $(($x/$y))

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ x=20

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ y=5

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ z=$x/$y

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ echo $((z))

echo `expr $x + $y`

IF ANY OPERATION IS FAILED WE CAN USE THIS

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ ls

a ch mithun.jpg

aaa.py circle.c naveen.py

aa.py circular1.c naveenpython.odt

a.c circular.c naveen.ui

a.out client pointer.c

a.py client.txt QueueinC Files

arraystruct.c client.txt~ QueueinC.htm

athulya.odt c.py Ramsanwishescopy.jpg

athu.py ctutor-1.pdf r.c

attr.html Desktop rocks.gif

a.txt d.py shell termin.odt

bbb.py EID12copy.jpg sort1.c

b.py EID23copy.jpg stack2

b.pyc EIDMailanchi.jpg struct.c

b.txt EidMubarak890.jpg structu.c

c EssentialC-1.pdf summary Files

cal1.py file: summary.html

cal1.py~ g test1.py

cal1.ui getattr Files test.py

cal3.py getattr.html test.py~

cal3.py~ kernal.odt test.ui

cal3.ui list1.c untitled.ui

cal.py list.c vi.txt

cal.py~ Menus and Toolbars in wxPython z

cal.ui Menus and Toolbars in wxPython Files z.txt

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ rm b.c

rm: cannot remove `b.c': No such file or directory

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ echo $?

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ lss

bash: lss: command not found

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ echo $?

127

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ cp r.c /

cp: cannot create regular file `/r.c': Permission denied

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ echo $?

EXAMPLE

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ vim a.sh

echo "your first name please:"

read fname

echo "hello $fname,Lets be a frnd!"

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ bash a.sh

your first name please:

sah

hello sah,Lets be a frnd!

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ echo `expr 2 + 3`

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ echo $(expr 2 + 3)

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ ls *.c

a.c circle.c circular.c list.c r.c struct.c

arraystruct.c circular1.c list1.c pointer.c sort1.c structu.c

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ ls c.*

c.py

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ ls a*.*

aaa.py a.c a.py a.sh athu.py a.txt

aa.py a.out arraystruct.c athulya.odt attr.html

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ ls a*.c

a.c arraystruct.c

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ ls ?.*

a.c a.out a.py a.sh a.txt b.py b.pyc b.txt c.py d.py r.c z.txt

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ ls a*.c

a.c arraystruct.c

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ ls ?.c

a.c r.c

deterministic finite automata

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ ls [a,b]*

a aa.py a.out arraystruct.c athulya.odt attr.html bbb.py b.pyc

aaa.py a.c a.py a.sh athu.py a.txt b.py b.txt

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ cat >test1

/home(then press ctrl+d)catfoss@catfoss4:~$ cat test1

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ sort

bos

navee

bos

navee

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ cat >te

naveen

unnicatfoss@catfoss4:~$ sort

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ sort

naveen

unni

dmesg:for system usage information

tail -n (no.)

tail -n

head -n

SORTING

ps -e | head -16 | tail -15 | sort -k 4 > list

BC arbitrary precision calculator language

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ bc

bc 1.06.94

This is free software with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.

For details type `warranty'.

3+5

4+2

4==4

4<2>

4!=3

Bitwise and && if two bit are one answer is one

PGM IN SHELL(USING IF ..ELSE)

if [ $1 -eq $2 ]

then

echo "same"

else

if [ $1 -gt $2 ]

then

echo "greater"

else

echo "less"

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ vim fil

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ bash fil

same

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ bash fil 3 4

less

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ bash fil 4 3

greater

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ bash fil 4 4

same

FOR LOOP

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ for i in 1 2 3 4 5

> do

> echo $i

> done

EX:

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ for (( i=0; i<=5; i++ ))

> do

> echo $i

> done

PGM

for (( i=1; i<=4; i++ ))

for (( j=1; j<=4; j++ ))

echo -n $i

done

echo ""

done

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ vim bn.sh

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ bash bn.sh

1111

2222

3333

4444

for colour change

atfoss@catfoss4:~$ echo -e "\033[43m"

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ echo -e "\033[49m"

WHILE LOOP

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ bos=1

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ while [ $bos -lt 10 ]

> do

> echo $bos

> bos=`expr $bos + 1`

> done

STEP WAVE FORM

for (( i = 0; i <= 9; i++ ))

for (( j = 1 ; j <= i; j++ ))

echo -e -n "\033[46m "

done

echo -e -n "\033[49m"

echo

done

CHESSBOARD

for (( i=1; i<=9; i++ ))

for (( j=1; j<=9; j++ ))

a=`expr $i + $j`

b=`expr $a % 2`

if [ $b -eq 0 ];

then

echo -e -n "\033[43m "

else

echo -e -n "\033[46m "

done

echo -e -n "\033[49m"

echo

done

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ cat > tr

echo $#

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ bash tr

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ bash tr 1 2 3 4 5

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ bash tr 1 2 3 4 5 6

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ bash tr 1

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ bash tr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ if [ -z $linda ]

> then

> echo "null"

> fi

null

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ bash tr

high level

low level

machine code

microcode

assembly language

c is a middle level language,it can operate both high level and low level languages

CASE CONDITION

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ re="hello"

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ case $re in

> "world")echo "1";;

> "hello")echo "2";;

> esac

FUN

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ fun()

> {

> echo "hello"

> cal

> date

> }

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ fun

hello

December 2009

Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18 19

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

27 28 29 30 31

Fri Dec 18 12:14:26 IST 2009

RECURSION

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ fun()

> {

> if [ $var -eq 0 ]

> then

> echo "ok"

> else var=`expr $var - 1`

> echo $var

> fun

> fi

> }

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ var=5

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ fun

FOR DEBUGED OUT PUT

bash -x tr

EX:catfoss@catfoss4:~$ vim tr

var=5

echo $var

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ bash tr

tr: line 1: var: command not found

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ bash -x tr

+ var =5

tr: line 1: var: command not found

+ echo

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ vim tr

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ bash tr

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ bash -x tr

+ var=5

+ echo 5

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ zenity --info --text="hello world"

zenity is used for user interfaces

ZENITY(1) ZENITY(1)

NAME

zenity - display GTK+ dialogs

SYNOPSIS

zenity [options]

DESCRIPTION

zenity is a program that will display GTK+ dialogs, and return (either

in the return code, or on standard output) the users input. This allows

you to present information, and ask for information from the user, from

all manner of shell scripts.

For example, zenity --question will return either 0 or 1, depending on

whether the user pressed OK or Cancel. zenity --entry will output on

standard output what the user typed into the text entry field.

Comprehensive documentation is available in the GNOME Help Browser,

under GNOME/Utilities.

OPTIONS

This program follows the usual GNU command line syntax, with long

options starting with two dashes (‘-’).

Dialog options

--calendar

Display calendar dialog

--entry

Display text entry dialog

--error

Display error dialog

--file-selection

Display file selection dialog

--info Display info dialog

--list Display list dialog

--notification

Display notification icon

--progress

Display progress indication dialog

--question

Display question dialog

--text-info

Display text information dialog

--warning

Display warning dialog

--scale

Display scale dialog

General options

--title=TITLE

Set the dialog title

--window-icon=ICONPATH

Set the window icon

--width=WIDTH

Set the dialog width

--height=HEIGHT

Set the dialog height

Calendar options

--text=STRING

Set the dialog text

--day=INT

Set the calendar day

--month=INT

Set the calendar month

--year=INT

Set the calendar year

--date-format=PATTERN

Set the format for the returned date

Text entry options

--text=STRING

Set the dialog text

--entry-text=STRING

Set the entry text

--hide-text

Hide the entry text

Error options

--text=STRING

Set the dialog text

--no-wrap

Do not enable text wrapping

File selection options

--filename=FILENAME

Set the filename

--multiple

Allow selection of multiple filenames in file selection dialog

--directory

Activate directory-only selection

--save Activate save mode

--separator=SEPARATOR

Specify separator character when returning multiple filenames

--confirm-overwrite

Confirm file selection if filename already exists

Info options

--text=STRING

Set the dialog text

--no-wrap

Do not enable text wrapping

List options

--text=STRING

Set the dialog text

--column=STRING

Set the column header

--checklist

Use check boxes for first column

--radiolist

Use radio buttons for first column

--separator=STRING

Set output separator character

--multiple

Allow multiple rows to be selected

--editable

Allow changes to text

--print-column=STRING

Specify what column to print to standard output. The default is

to return the first column. ’ALL’ may be used to print all

columns.

--hide-column=NUMBER

Hide a specific column

Notification options

--text=STRING

Set the notification text

--listen

Listen for commands on stdin

Progress options

--text=STRING

Set the dialog text

--percentage=INT

Set initial percentage

--auto-close

Close dialog when 100% has been reached

--auto-kill

Kill parent process if cancel button is pressed

--pulsate

Pulsate progress bar

Question options

--text=STRING

Set the dialog text

--no-wrap

Do not enable text wrapping Text options

--filename=FILENAME

Open file

--editable

Allow changes to text

Warning options

--text=STRING

Set the dialog text

--no-wrap

Do not enable text wrapping

Scale options

--text=STRING

Set the dialog text

--value=VALUE

Set initial value

--min-value=VALUE

Set minimum value

--step=VALUE

Set step size

--print-partial

Print partial values

--hide-value

Hide value

Miscellaneous options

-?, --help

Show summary of options.

--about

Display an about dialog.

--version

Show version of program.

Also the standard GTK+ options are accepted.

USING AWK

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ echo "1 nav dd"

1 nav dd

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ echo "1 nav dd" | awk '{ print $2 }'

nav

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ cat fi

1 asa f 22

2 sds m 44

3 ere f 55

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ vim fi

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ awk '{ if ($1 >23) { print $2 } }' fi

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ cat fi

1 asa f 22

2 sds m 44

3 ere f 55

4 saj m 22

5 bos m 22

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ awk '{ if ($1 >23) { print $2 } }' fi

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ awk '{ if ($4 >23) { print $2 } }' fi

sds

ere

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ awk '{ if ($3 ==m) { print $2 } }' fi

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ awk '{ if ($3 == "m") { print $2 } }' fi

sds

saj

bos

FOR FINDING “A”ONLY

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ awk ' { print $2 } ' fi | awk '/^a/ { print $1 }'

asa

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ cat file

1 aparna f 21

2 murad m 23

3 unni m 21

4 priya f 24

5 fathima f 22

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ awk ' { print $1 $2}' file | awk ' /.a$/ { print $1 $2 }'1aparna

4priya

5fathima

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ awk ' { print $2 $1}' file | awk ' /^a/ { print $1 $2 }'

aparna1

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ awk ' { print $2 }' file | awk ' /^a/ { print $1 }'

aparna

@catfoss4:~$ awk '{ if ($3=="m") { print $3 $2}}' file

mmurad

munni

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ awk ' { print $2 }' file | awk ' /^a/ { print $1 }'

aparna

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ awk ' { print $1 $2}' file | awk ' /a[a-z]*a/ { print $1 $2 }'

1aparna

5fathima

EXACTLY 1 A

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ awk '{ if ($3=="m") { print $2 " " $3}}' file |awk '/a+/ { print $1}'

murad

AT LEAST ONE M

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ awk ' { if ($3=="m") print $1 $2 }' file | awk ' /m/ { print $1 $2 }'

2murad

6mnemeshm

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ awk ' {if ($3 == "m") { print $2" "$1 } }' file | awk ' /^[b-z]*a[b-z]* / { print $2" "$1 }'

2 murad

AWK

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ cat >cod

{

print $2

}

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ cat cod

{

print $2

}

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ awk -f cod file

aparna

murad

unni

priya

fathima

maaanemeshm

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ cat cod

{

for (i=0;i<10;i++)>

{

print i

}

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ awk -f cod file

BINARY TO HEX

echo "enter the no"

read n

dec=`echo "obase=10;ibase=2; " $n |bc`

hex=`echo "obase=16;ibase=2; " $n |bc`

oct=`echo "obase=8;ibase=2; "$n |bc`

echo "$n is $dec"

echo "$n is $hex"

echo "$n is $oct"

USING AWK BINARY TO HEX CONVERSION

{

alpha="123456789ABCDEF"

binary=$1

base= $2

decimal=0

print "binary="$1", base="$2

inex=0

if (base != 2 )

{

while ( binary >= 1 )

{

decmal=decmal+((binary % 10) * (2 ^ inex))

binary=int(binary/10)

inex=inex+1

}

if ( base == 10 )

{

print decmal "(base 10)"

}

else if ( base <= 16 )

{

if ( decmal == 0 )

{

print decmal

}

else

{

fin=""

while ( decmal >= 1 )

{

print decmal

print base

fin=substr(alpha,decmal%base,1) fin

x=decmal % base

print "x"x

decmal=int(decmal/base)

}

print fin "(base"base")"

}

else

{

print "invalid base"

}

else

{

print binary

}

ANS:

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ awk -f conn dfg

binary=1010, base=10

10(base 10)

binary=1011, base=8

25(base8)

binary=1010, base=16

x10

A(base16)

binary=, base= 0

catfoss@catfoss4:~$ cat /etc/fstab

# /etc/fstab: static file system information.

proc /proc proc defaults 0 0

/dev/sda7 / ext3 errors=remount-ro 0 1

/dev/sda6 none swap sw 0 0

/dev/scd0 /media/cdrom0 udf,iso9660 user,noauto 0 0

FOR MASH INSTALLATION

fist download the mash version from space-kerala.com,then extract the folder,right click the folder then extract

from the catfoss@catfoss4cd Desktop,cd mash

then type ./configure

then type make

then type cd bin

then ./maash

for adding extra to the file cmds.c type last portion of that our name like

pritntf (stderr ,”\naveen -Display my name .\n”); then save the file

palindrome

for ((k=1;k<5;k++))>

for ((l=5;l>=k;l--))

echo -n " "

done

for ((m=1;m<=k;m++))

echo -en "$m"

done

for ((n=k-1;n>0;n--))

echo -en "$n"

done

echo " "

done

ANS

121

12321

1234321

while true

> do

> eject

> sleep 1

> eject -t

> done

serveradmn

2010-02-02T22:23:00.000-08:00

http://tldp.org/LDP/nag2/x-087-2-appl.remote.html

1. TCPDUMP DOWNLOAD:

To download TCPdump:

#apt-get install tcpdump
To see the TCPdump dependencies:

#apt-cache depends tcpdump
tcpdump
Depends: libc6
Depends: libpcap0.8
Depends: libssl0.9.8

To see the installed TCPdump version:

#apt-cache policy tcpdump
tcpdump:
Installed: 3.9.4-2ubuntu0.1
Candidate: 3.9.4-2ubuntu0.1
Version table:
*** 3.9.4-2ubuntu0.1 0
500 http://security.ubuntu.com dapper-security/main Packages
100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
3.9.4-2 0
500 http://ch.archive.ubuntu.com dapper/main Packages

2. TCPDUMP USE

To display the Standard TCPdump output:

#tcpdump
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 96 bytes

21:57:29.004426 IP 192.168.1.2.1034 > valve-68-142-64-164.phx3.llnw.net.27014: UDP, length 53
21:57:31.228013 arp who-has 192.168.1.2 tell 192.168.1.1
21:57:31.228020 arp reply 192.168.1.2 is-at 00:04:75:22:22:22 (oui Unknown)
21:57:38.035382 IP 192.168.1.2.1034 > valve-68-142-64-164.phx3.llnw.net.27014: UDP, length 53
21:57:38.613206 IP valve-68-142-64-164.phx3.llnw.net.27014 > 192.168.1.2.1034: UDP, length 36

To display the verbose output:

#tcpdump -v
tcpdump: listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 96 bytes

22:00:11.625995 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 128, id 30917, offset 0, flags [none], proto: UDP (17), length: 81) 192.168.1.2.1034 > valve-68-142-64-164.phx3.llnw.net.27014: UDP, length 53
22:00:20.691903 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 128, id 31026, offset 0, flags [none], proto: UDP (17), length: 81) 192.168.1.2.1034 > valve-68-142-64-164.phx3.llnw.net.27014: UDP, length 53
22:00:21.230970 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 114, id 4373, offset 0, flags [none], proto: UDP (17), length: 64) valve-68-142-64-164.phx3.llnw.net.27014 > 192.168.1.2.1034: UDP, length 36
22:00:26.201715 arp who-has 192.168.1.2 tell 192.168.1.1
22:00:26.201726 arp reply 192.168.1.2 is-at 00:04:11:11:11:11 (oui Unknown)
22:00:29.706020 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 128, id 31133, offset 0, flags [none], proto: UDP (17), length: 81) 192.168.1.2.1034 > valve-68-142-64-164.phx3.llnw.net.27014: UDP, length 53
22:00:38.751355 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 128, id 31256, offset 0, flags [none], proto: UDP (17), length: 81) 192.168.1.2.1034 > valve-68-142-64-164.phx3.llnw.net.27014: UDP, length 53

Network interfaces available for the capture:

#tcpdump -D
1.eth0
2.any (Pseudo-device that captures on all interfaces)
3.lo

To display numerical addresses rather than symbolic (DNS) addresses:

#tcpdump -n
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 96 bytes

22:02:36.111595 IP 192.168.1.2.1034 > 68.142.64.164.27014: UDP, length 53
22:02:36.669853 IP 68.142.64.164.27014 > 192.168.1.2.1034: UDP, length 36
22:02:41.702977 arp who-has 192.168.1.2 tell 192.168.1.1
22:02:41.702984 arp reply 192.168.1.2 is-at 00:04:11:11:11:11
22:02:45.106515 IP 192.168.1.2.1034 > 68.142.64.164.27014: UDP, length 53
22:02:50.392139 IP 192.168.1.2.138 > 192.168.1.255.138: NBT UDP PACKET(138)
22:02:54.139658 IP 192.168.1.2.1034 > 68.142.64.164.27014: UDP, length 53
22:02:57.866958 IP 125.175.131.58.3608 > 192.168.1.2.9501: S 3275472679:3275472679(0) win 65535

To display the quick output:

#tcpdump -q
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 96 bytes

22:03:55.594839 IP a213-22-130-46.cpe.netcabo.pt.3546 > 192.168.1.2.9501: tcp 0
22:03:55.698827 IP 192.168.1.2.9501 > a213-22-130-46.cpe.netcabo.pt.3546: tcp 0
22:03:56.068088 IP a213-22-130-46.cpe.netcabo.pt.3546 > 192.168.1.2.9501: tcp 0
22:03:56.068096 IP 192.168.1.2.9501 > a213-22-130-46.cpe.netcabo.pt.3546: tcp 0
22:03:57.362863 IP 192.168.1.2.1034 > valve-68-142-64-164.phx3.llnw.net.27014: UDP, length 53
22:03:57.964397 IP valve-68-142-64-164.phx3.llnw.net.27014 > 192.168.1.2.1034: UDP, length 36
22:04:06.406521 IP 192.168.1.2.1034 > valve-68-142-64-164.phx3.llnw.net.27014: UDP, length 53
22:04:15.393757 IP 192.168.1.2.1034 > valve-68-142-64-164.phx3.llnw.net.27014: UDP, length 53

Capture the traffic of a particular interface:

tcpdump -i eth0
To capture the UDP traffic:

#tcpdump udp
To capture the TCP port 80 traffic:

#tcpdump port http
To capture the traffic from a filter stored in a file:

#tcpdump -F file_name
To create a file where the filter is configured (here the TCP 80 port)

#vim file_name
port 80
To stop the capture after 20 packets:

#tcpdump -c 20
To send the capture output in a file instead of directly on the screen:

#tcpdump -w capture.log
To read a capture file:

#tcpdump -r capture.log
reading from file capture.log, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet)

09:33:51.977522 IP 192.168.1.36.40332 > rr.knams.wikimedia.org.www: P 1548302662:1548303275(613) ack 148796145 win 16527
09:33:52.031729 IP rr.knams.wikimedia.org.www > 192.168.1.36.40332: . ack 613 win 86
09:33:52.034414 IP rr.knams.wikimedia.org.www > 192.168.1.36.40332: P 1:511(510) ack 613 win86
09:33:52.034786 IP 192.168.1.36.40332 > rr.knams.wikimedia.org.www: . ack 511 win 16527

The captured data isn't stored in plain text so you cannot read it with a text editor, you have to use a special tool like TCPdump (see above) or Wireshark (Formerly Ethereal) which provides a graphical interface.

The capture.log file is opened with Wireshark.

To display the packets having "www.openmaniak.com" as their source or destination address:

#tcpdump host www.openmaniak.com
To display the FTP packets coming from 192.168.1.100 to 192.168.1.2:

#tcpdump src 192.168.1.100 and dst 192.168.1.2 and port ftp
To display the packets content:

#tcpdump -A
Packets capture during a FTP connection. The FTP password can be easily intercepted because it is sent in clear text to the server.

tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on ath0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 96 bytes
20:53:24.872785 IP ubuntu.local.40205 > 192.168.1.2.ftp: S 4155598838:4155598838(0) win 5840
....g....................
............
20:53:24.879473 IP ubuntu.local.40205 > 192.168.1.2.ftp: . ack 1228937421 win 183
....g.I@.............
........
20:53:24.881654 IP ubuntu.local.40205 > 192.168.1.2.ftp: . ack 43 win 183
....g.I@.......8.....
......EN
20:53:26.402046 IP ubuntu.local.40205 > 192.168.1.2.ftp: P 0:10(10) ack 43 win 183
....g.I@......`$.....
...=..ENUSER teddybear

20:53:26.403802 IP ubuntu.local.40205 > 192.168.1.2.ftp: . ack 76 win 183
....h.I@.............
...>..E^
20:53:29.169036 IP ubuntu.local.40205 > 192.168.1.2.ftp: P 10:25(15) ack 76 win 183
....h.I@......#c.....
......E^PASS wakeup

20:53:29.171553 IP ubuntu.local.40205 > 192.168.1.2.ftp: . ack 96 win 183
....h.I@.,...........
......Ez
20:53:29.171649 IP ubuntu.local.40205 > 192.168.1.2.ftp: P 25:31(6) ack 96 win 183
....h.I@.,...........
......EzSYST

20:53:29.211607 IP ubuntu.local.40205 > 192.168.1.2.ftp: . ack 115 win 183
....h.I@.?.....j.....
......Ez
20:53:31.367619 IP ubuntu.local.40205 > 192.168.1.2.ftp: P 31:37(6) ack 115 win 183
....h.I@.?...........
......EzQUIT

20:53:31.369316 IP ubuntu.local.40205 > 192.168.1.2.ftp: . ack 155 win 183
....h.I@.g...........
......E.
20:53:31.369759 IP ubuntu.local.40205 > 192.168.1.2.ftp: F 37:37(0) ack 156 win 183
....h.I@.h.....e.....
......E.

We see in this capture the FTP username (teddybear) and password (wakeup).

route add default\gw 192.168.150.1
/etc/resolv.config set name server for DNS address
FIRST INSTALL IPCALC
catfoss11:~# ipcalc 192.168.150.13
Address: 192.168.150.13 11000000.10101000.10010110. 00001101
Netmask: 255.255.255.0 = 24 11111111.11111111.11111111. 00000000
Wildcard: 0.0.0.255 00000000.00000000.00000000. 11111111
=>
Network: 192.168.150.0/24 11000000.10101000.10010110. 00000000
HostMin: 192.168.150.1 11000000.10101000.10010110. 00000001
HostMax: 192.168.150.254 11000000.10101000.10010110. 11111110
Broadcast: 192.168.150.255 11000000.10101000.10010110. 11111111
Hosts/Net: 254 Class C, Private Internet

catfoss11:~# route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
192.168.150.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
default 192.168.150.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0

catfoss11:~# cat /etc/hostname
catfoss11
catfoss11:~# cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost
127.0.1.1 catfoss11

# The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts
::1 localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
fe00::0 ip6-localnet
ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
ff02::3 ip6-allhosts
catfoss11:~# vim /etc/hosts(for setting the ip address with names)
catfoss11:~# cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
0
if it is set to 1,this make the s/m dump ruter(vim/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward )
catfoss11:~# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
catfoss11:~# cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
1

NAT :-it is known as network address translation

pre routing--->routing-------->post routing

catfoss11:~# iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE

-A is used for append the nat.
it places centers address to routers address

catfoss11:~# iptables -L
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination

Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination

Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination

catfoss11:~# iptables -t nat -L
Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination

Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
MASQUERADE all -- anywhere anywhere

Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination

catfoss11:~# iptables -t mangle -L
Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination

Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination

Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination

Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination

Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination

iptables[-t table] command[pattern] action
there are 3 tables filter,nat,mangle
for adding a rule iptables[-t table] command -A chain [rule]
for deleting -D, iptables[-t table] command -D chain [rule] index
Deleting an entire chain iptables -t nat -F chain

for internet in the lan
we need DNS IP
is in same family then need a provider inthat we need an ip-forwording and masqurade

action
snat,masquride,DNAT,DEDIRECT
source nat,destination

iptables -t nat -A postrouting -p tcp -s 192.168.150.27

-s for source
-p for protocol
-A for postrouting packets coming from 192.168.150.27 after postrouting perform the action
packets going to 192.168.150.182 having the utp protocol after post routing
iptables -t nat -A post routing -o etho -j masquride(if the packets are going through the etho at the time of post routing masquride

ls *a* for finding starting files with a
inthe noteless press ctrl +s

all pkts coming from 192.1 going through eth0 do action while free routimg
iptables -t nat -A postrouting -o eth0

iptables -t nat -A postrouting -p!tcp -s!192.168.0.0/16

iptables -t nat -A postrouting -ptcp -s192.168.150.2 --sport 12345:12356 -d 123.123.123.123--dport 22
the packets coming from 192.168.150.2 is 12345 to 12356 port is goning to destination ip 123
port no.of http is 80

iptables -t nat cmnd pattern -j MASQUERADE: change center to out going n/w interface
-j masquerde used for changing the source port id
iptables -t nat cmnd pattern-jSNAT --to-source 123.123.123.123
change the address of the center to source 123.123.123.123
SNAT is static masquerede is dynamic
static is very fast
iptables -t nat cmnd pattern -j DNAT --to-destination 123.123.123.123:22 change recipient addr. to 123.123.123.123 and port to 22

DNAT is used for pre routing
iptables -t nat cmnd pattern-j redirect --to-port 8080

FOR CHANGING A BROWSER TO ANY S/M
catfoss11:~# iptables -t nat -A OUTPUT -s 192.168.150.13 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.150.182
for changing in the correct mode means in the above step we done the changes the browser to to the destination ip
catfoss11:~# iptables -t nat -D OUTPUT -s 192.168.150.13 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.150.182

catfoss11:~# iptables -t nat -n -L
catfoss11:~# iptables -t nat -F

catfoss11:~# telnet 192.168.150.13 80
Trying 192.168.150.13...
Connected to 192.168.150.13.
Escape character is '^]'.
GET / HTTP

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Wed, 13 Jan 2010 12:49:30 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.14 (Debian)
Last-Modified: Wed, 13 Jan 2010 10:05:09 GMT
ETag: "1df1c-183-47d08e7cc9f40"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 387
Vary: Accept-Encoding
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html

WELCOME!

mea engg.college

CATFOSS

rakesh
vidya
linda
anu

wiki

Connection closed by foreign host.
for changing the
catfoss11:~# iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 6000 -j REDIRECT --to-ports 80
catfoss11:~# iptables -t nat -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport 6000 -j REDIRECT --to-ports 80
catfoss11:~# netstat
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)

python

>>> ord
>>> ord("a")
97
>>> ord("n")
110

server

>>> import socket

>>> ord

>>> s=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM)
>>> s.bind(("127.0.0.1",9000 ))
>>> while True:
... s.recvfrom (10)
...
('catfoss', ('127.0.0.1', 57420))

('iam naveen', ('127.0.0.1', 57420))

client

>>> from socket import*
>>> c=socket (AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM)
>>> c

>>> k="catfoss"
>>> c.sendto (k,("127.0.0.1",9000 ))
7
>>> k="iam naveenbos"
>>> c.sendto (k,("127.0.0.1",9000 ))
13

catfoss11:~# iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p UDP -s 192.168.150.27 --dport 6000 -j REDIRECT --to-ports 8000

FIRE WALL

drop: the packet will get but we can not take it
rejaect means the packet willnot take
shorewall
Shoreline Firewall, netfilter configurator - common files
Shorewall allows firewall/gateway requirements to be described using
entries in a set of configuration files. It reads those configuration
files and, with the help of the iptables utility, configures
netfilter to match these requirements.

Shorewall supports a wide range of router/firewall/gateway applications,
traffic shaping and almost every type of VPN.

This package contains files needed by both the Perl-based and
shell-based compilers.

filter:
This is the default table (if no -t option is passed). It
contains the built-in chains INPUT (for packets destined to
local sockets), FORWARD (for packets being routed through
the box), and OUTPUT (for locally-generated packets).

nat:
This table is consulted when a packet that creates a new
connection is encountered. It consists of three built-ins:
PREROUTING (for altering packets as soon as they come in),
OUTPUT (for altering locally-generated packets before rout‐
ing), and POSTROUTING (for altering packets as they are
about to go out).
mangle:
This table is used for specialized packet alteration. Until
kernel 2.4.17 it had two built-in chains: PREROUTING (for
altering incoming packets before routing) and OUTPUT (for
altering locally-generated packets before routing). Since
kernel 2.4.18, three other built-in chains are also sup‐
ported: INPUT (for packets coming into the box itself), FOR‐
WARD (for altering packets being routed through the box),
and POSTROUTING (for altering packets as they are about to
go out).
raw:
This table is used mainly for configuring exemptions from
connection tracking in combination with the NOTRACK target.
It registers at the netfilter hooks with higher priority and
is thus called before ip_conntrack, or any other IP tables.
It provides the following built-in chains: PREROUTING (for
packets arriving via any network interface) OUTPUT (for
packets generated by local processes)

ufw(uniqe fire wall)

ufw status (enable or disable)
ufw enable (for enabling the fire wall)
iptables -X --delete chain
gufw: graphical version means the editor(vim)

catfoss11:~# iptables -N na
catfoss11:~# iptables -L
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination

Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination

Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination

Chain na (0 references)
target prot opt source destination
catfoss11:~# vim b
catfoss11:~# iptables-save
# Generated by iptables-save v1.4.2 on Thu Jan 14 13:09:49 2010
*filter
:INPUT ACCEPT [301:56519]
:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [9:523]
:na - [0:0]
COMMIT
# Completed on Thu Jan 14 13:09:49 2010
# Generated by iptables-save v1.4.2 on Thu Jan 14 13:09:49 2010
*nat
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [157:33864]
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [8:467]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [8:467]
COMMIT
# Completed on Thu Jan 14 13:09:49 2010
catfoss11:~# iptables-save >b
catfoss11:~# vim b
catfoss11:~# iptables -X
catfoss11:~# iptables -L
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination

Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination

Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
catfoss11:~# iptables-restore a
Can't open a: No such file or directory
catfoss11:~# iptables-restore b
catfoss11:~# iptables -L
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination

Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination

Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination

Chain na (0 references)
target prot opt source destination

filter

input ,(for go to firewall)
output (signals from fire wall),
forward(inside the firewall sym)filters packets protected from firewall

catfoss11:~# iptables -A INPUT -m conntrack --ctstate ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT

-j ACCEPT ( is a rule)
-A INPUT (is achain)
state :4 states
ctstate(conntrack)
1.NEW
2.RELATED (connection is new but is related to udp)
3.established allredy established
4.invalid connection

related established ---allow
-m conntrack is a switch it is used for enabling the --ctstste,it allows filter matching based on connection state of the packet

for secure shell connection enabling
catfoss11:~# iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport ssh -j ACCEPT

ssh,telnet ,http had default ports
enabling
catfoss11:~# iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
catfoss11:~# iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport www -j ACCEPT

catfoss11:~# iptables -A INPUT -j DROP
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED
ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:ssh
ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:www
ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:www
DROP all -- anywhere anywhere

Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination

Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination

ACDEPT is highest priority than the DROP

catfoss11:~# iptables -I INPUT 1 -i lo -j ACCEPT
catfoss11:~# iptables -L
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere
ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED
ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:ssh
ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:www
ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:www
DROP all -- anywhere anywhere
ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere

Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination

Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
catfoss11:~# ping 127.0.0.1
PING 127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.073 ms
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.066 ms
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.070 ms
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.069 ms
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=0.070 ms
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=6 ttl=64 time=0.071 ms

catfoss11:~# iptables -L -v
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 341 packets, 67411 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
16 1340 ACCEPT all -- lo any anywhere anywhere
10 744 ACCEPT all -- any any anywhere anywhere ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED
0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- any any anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:ssh
0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- any any anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:www
0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- any any anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:www
139 27107 DROP all -- any any anywhere anywhere
0 0 ACCEPT all -- 127.0.0.1 any anywhere anywhere

Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination

Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 104 packets, 8035 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination

-j
accept
reject(return packets to sender)
drop
log(store the inform.about packet)
for accepting server is not possible because need server root pwd
catfoss11:~# ssh 192.168.150.182
The authenticity of host '192.168.150.182 (192.168.150.182)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is 0e:c8:8d:59:fd:45:f8:6b:15:39:ab:d3:75:c0:78:3a.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.150.182' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@192.168.150.182's password:

catfoss11:/etc/network# cat interfaces
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).

# The loopback network interface
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

iface eth0 inet static
address 192.168.150.13
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 192.168.150.1

auto eth0

chandni@catfoss11:~$ str="naveen"
chandni@catfoss11:~$ zenity --info --text=$str

16/07/07
I learned today how to block a website using iptables command. You just have to type the following

iptables -I INPUT -s -d 0/0 -j DROP

I blocked orkut by using

iptables -I INPUT -s www.orkut.com -d 0/0 -j DROP

It is recommended to use IP addresses instead of hostname. But I used hostname, so that my roommates have no difficulty in deleting the rule.

To know all the possible IP addresses of a website, use

host

Most of the times it'll give more than one addresses, so you have to define a rule for every IP address using the same syntax and it is highly recommended to use IP addresses than the hostname.
To delete the rule, the syntax is same. You have to only replace I with D

iptables -D INPUT -s -d 0/0 -j DROP

In my case I used

iptables -D INPUT -s www.orkut.com -d 0/0 -j DROP

I also edited my /etc/rc.d/rc.local file so that this rule will automatically load during boot time. I also edited one entry there. I deleted the line

echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

This line was for enabling my computer to forward the ip packets from other computer to internet using my computer as gateway. So instead of setting the value of ip_forward by echo command, I edited the Linux kernel config file: /etc/sysctl.conf
and set the following value

net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1

I searched a lot for iptables. There were many useful sites. The one that helped me most is
http://www.yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/

or

iptables -A OUTPUT -d www.orkut.com -j DROP
catfoss:~# iptables -A FORWARD -s orkut.com -o eth0 -j REJECT(in server)

for using server from client

catfoss11:~# ssh server@192.168.150.2
server@192.168.150.2's password:
Permission denied, please try again.
server@192.168.150.2's password:
Linux catfoss 2.6.26-2-xen-686 #1 SMP Sun Jun 21 09:15:17 UTC 2009 i686

The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;
the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.

Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent
permitted by applicable law.
You have mail.
server@catfoss:~$ su -
Password:
catfoss:~# iptables -I INPUT -s www.orkut.com -j DROP
catfoss:~# www-browser orkut.com

links

2010-02-02T22:22:00.000-08:00

Printer configuration

http://www.linuxprinting.org/~till/printing-tutorial/tut.html#1_1_1

http://forums.debian.net/viewtopic.php?t=10438

xen

http://wiki.debian.org/Xen#Installationonlenny

xen-list-images(for testing images in the server)

xen-create-image

http://wiki.xensource.com/xenwiki/XenNetworking

catfoss11:~# less /etc/init.d/cups

http://www.debianhelp.co.uk/dhcp.htm

http://tldp.org/HOWTO/DHCP/index.html

grep

2010-02-02T22:20:00.000-08:00

Linux / Unix Command: grep

Command Library

NAME

grep, egrep, fgrep - print lines matching a pattern

SYNOPSIS

grep [options] PATTERN [FILE...]
grep [options] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE] [FILE...]

DESCRIPTION

Grep searches the named input FILEs (or standard input if no files are named, or the file name - is given) for lines containing a match to the given PATTERN. By default, grep prints the matching lines.

In addition, two variant programs egrep and fgrep are available. Egrep is the same as grep -E. Fgrep is the same as grep -F.

OPTIONS

-A NUM, --after-context=NUM: Print NUM lines of trailing context after matching lines. Places a line containing -- between contiguous groups of matches.
-a, --text: Process a binary file as if it were text; this is equivalent to the --binary-files=text option.
-B NUM, --before-context=NUM: Print NUM lines of leading context before matching lines. Places a line containing -- between contiguous groups of matches.
-C NUM, --context=NUM: Print NUM lines of output context. Places a line containing -- between contiguous groups of matches.
-b, --byte-offset: Print the byte offset within the input file before each line of output.

zSB(3,3)

REGULAR EXPRESSIONS

A regular expression is a pattern that describes a set of strings. Regular expressions are constructed analogously to arithmetic expressions, by using various operators to combine smaller expressions.

Grep understands two different versions of regular expression syntax: ``basic'' and ``extended.'' In GNU grep, there is no difference in available functionality using either syntax. In other implementations, basic regular expressions are less powerful. The following description applies to extended regular expressions; differences for basic regular expressions are summarized afterwards.

The fundamental building blocks are the regular expressions that match a single character. Most characters, including all letters and digits, are regular expressions that match themselves. Any metacharacter with special meaning may be quoted by preceding it with a backslash.

A bracket expression is a list of characters enclosed by [ and ]. It matches any single character in that list; if the first character of the list is the caret ^ then it matches any character not in the list. For example, the regular expression [0123456789] matches any single digit.

Within a bracket expression, a range expression consists of two characters separated by a hyphen. It matches any single character that sorts between the two characters, inclusive, using the locale's collating sequence and character set. For example, in the default C locale, [a-d] is equivalent to [abcd]. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and in these locales [a-d] is typically not equivalent to [abcd]; it might be equivalent to [aBbCcDd], for example. To obtain the traditional interpretation of bracket expressions, you can use the C locale by setting the LC_ALL environment variable to the value C.

Finally, certain named classes of characters are predefined within bracket expressions, as follows. Their names are self explanatory, and they are [:alnum:], [:alpha:], [:cntrl:], [:digit:], [:graph:], [:lower:], [:print:], [:punct:], [:space:], [:upper:], and [:xdigit:]. For example, [[:alnum:]] means [0-9A-Za-z], except the latter form depends upon the C locale and the ASCII character encoding, whereas the former is independent of locale and character set. (Note that the brackets in these class names are part of the symbolic names, and must be included in addition to the brackets delimiting the bracket list.) Most metacharacters lose their special meaning inside lists. To include a literal ] place it first in the list. Similarly, to include a literal ^ place it anywhere but first. Finally, to include a literal - place it last.

The period . matches any single character. The symbol \w is a synonym for [[:alnum:]] and \W is a synonym for [^[:alnum]].

The caret ^ and the dollar sign $ are metacharacters that respectively match the empty string at the beginning and end of a line. The symbols \< and \> respectively match the empty string at the beginning and end of a word. The symbol \b matches the empty string at the edge of a word, and \B matches the empty string provided it's not at the edge of a word.

A regular expression may be followed by one of several repetition operators:

?: The preceding item is optional and matched at most once.
*: The preceding item will be matched zero or more times.
+: The preceding item will be matched one or more times.
{n}: The preceding item is matched exactly n times.
{n,}: The preceding item is matched n or more times.
{n,m}: The preceding item is matched at least n times, but not more than m times.

Two regular expressions may be concatenated; the resulting regular expression matches any string formed by concatenating two substrings that respectively match the concatenated subexpressions.

Two regular expressions may be joined by the infix operator |; the resulting regular expression matches any string matching either subexpression.

Repetition takes precedence over concatenation, which in turn takes precedence over alternation. A whole subexpression may be enclosed in parentheses to override these precedence rules.

The backreference \n, where n is a single digit, matches the substring previously matched by the nth parenthesized subexpression of the regular expression.

In basic regular expressions the metacharacters ?, +, {, |, (, and ) lose their special meaning; instead use the backslashed versions \?, \+, \{, \|, $, and $.

Traditional egrep did not support the { metacharacter, and some egrep implementations support \{ instead, so portable scripts should avoid { in egrep patterns and should use [{] to match a literal {.

GNU egrep attempts to support traditional usage by assuming that { is not special if it would be the start of an invalid interval specification. For example, the shell command egrep '{1' searches for the two-character string {1 instead of reporting a syntax error in the regular expression. POSIX.2 allows this behavior as an extension, but portable scripts should avoid it.

How To Use grep Command In Linux / UNIX

by Vivek Gite · 54 comments

How do I use grep command in Linux?

grep command searches the given file for lines containing a match to the given strings or words. By default, grep prints the matching lines. Use grep to search for lines of text that match one or many regular expressions, and outputs only the matching lines.

The name, "grep", derives from the command used to perform a similar operation, using the Unix/Linux text editor ed:
g/re/p

grep command syntax

grep 'word' filename grep 'string1 string2'  filename cat otherfile | grep 'something' command | grep 'something'

Use grep to search file

Search /etc/passwd for boo user:
$ grep boo /etc/passwd

You can force grep to ignore word case i.e match boo, Boo, BOO and all other combination with -i option:
$ grep -i "boo" /etc/passwd

Use grep recursively

You can search recursively i.e. read all files under each directory for a string "192.168.1.5"
$ grep -r "192.168.1.5" /etc/

Use grep to search words only

When you search for boo, grep will match fooboo, boo123, etc. You can force grep to select only those lines containing matches that form whole words i.e. match only boo word:
$ grep -w "boo" /path/to/file

Use grep to search 2 different words

use egrep as follows:
$ egrep -w 'word1|word2' /path/to/file

Count line when words has been matched

grep can report the number of times that the pattern has been matched for each file using -c (count) option:
$ grep -c 'word' /path/to/file
Also note that you can use -n option, which causes grep to precede each line of output with the number of the line in the text file from which it was obtained:
$ grep -n 'word' /path/to/file

Grep invert match

You can use -v option to print inverts the match; that is, it matches only those lines that do not contain the given word. For example print all line that do not contain the word bar:
$ grep -v bar /path/to/file

UNIX / Linux pipes and grep command

grep command often used with pipes. For example print name of hard disk devices:
# dmesg | egrep '(s|h)d[a-z]'
Display cpu model name:
# cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep -i 'Model'
However, above command can be also used as follows without shell pipe:
# grep -i 'Model' /proc/cpuinfo

How do I list just the names of matching files?

Use the -l option to list file name whose contents mention main():
$ grep -l 'main' *.c
Finally, you can force grep to display output in colors:
$ grep --color vivek /etc/passwd

naveenbos

Previous search in php using session

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gsmsmsd an smsserver

man gsmsmsd (8) - SMS message reception daemon

NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

OPTIONS

EXAMPLES

shell terminal

serveradmn

WELCOME!

links

grep

NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

OPTIONS

Sponsored Links

REGULAR EXPRESSIONS

How To Use grep Command In Linux / UNIX

grep command syntax

Use grep to search file

Use grep recursively

Use grep to search words only

Use grep to search 2 different words

Count line when words has been matched

Grep invert match

UNIX / Linux pipes and grep command

How do I list just the names of matching files?